| CVE |
Vendors |
Products |
Updated |
CVSS v3.1 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: openvswitch: reject negative ifindex
Recent changes in net-next (commit 759ab1edb56c ("net: store netdevs
in an xarray")) refactored the handling of pre-assigned ifindexes
and let syzbot surface a latent problem in ovs. ovs does not validate
ifindex, making it possible to create netdev ports with negative
ifindex values. It's easy to repro with YNL:
$ ./cli.py --spec netlink/specs/ovs_datapath.yaml \
--do new \
--json '{"upcall-pid": 1, "name":"my-dp"}'
$ ./cli.py --spec netlink/specs/ovs_vport.yaml \
--do new \
--json '{"upcall-pid": "00000001", "name": "some-port0", "dp-ifindex":3,"ifindex":4294901760,"type":2}'
$ ip link show
-65536: some-port0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
link/ether 7a:48:21:ad:0b:fb brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
...
Validate the inputs. Now the second command correctly returns:
$ ./cli.py --spec netlink/specs/ovs_vport.yaml \
--do new \
--json '{"upcall-pid": "00000001", "name": "some-port0", "dp-ifindex":3,"ifindex":4294901760,"type":2}'
lib.ynl.NlError: Netlink error: Numerical result out of range
nl_len = 108 (92) nl_flags = 0x300 nl_type = 2
error: -34 extack: {'msg': 'integer out of range', 'unknown': [[type:4 len:36] b'\x0c\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x03\x00\xff\xff\xff\x7f\x00\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x01\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00'], 'bad-attr': '.ifindex'}
Accept 0 since it used to be silently ignored. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
usb-storage: alauda: Fix uninit-value in alauda_check_media()
Syzbot got KMSAN to complain about access to an uninitialized value in
the alauda subdriver of usb-storage:
BUG: KMSAN: uninit-value in alauda_transport+0x462/0x57f0
drivers/usb/storage/alauda.c:1137
CPU: 0 PID: 12279 Comm: usb-storage Not tainted 5.3.0-rc7+ #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS
Google 01/01/2011
Call Trace:
__dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:77 [inline]
dump_stack+0x191/0x1f0 lib/dump_stack.c:113
kmsan_report+0x13a/0x2b0 mm/kmsan/kmsan_report.c:108
__msan_warning+0x73/0xe0 mm/kmsan/kmsan_instr.c:250
alauda_check_media+0x344/0x3310 drivers/usb/storage/alauda.c:460
The problem is that alauda_check_media() doesn't verify that its USB
transfer succeeded before trying to use the received data. What
should happen if the transfer fails isn't entirely clear, but a
reasonably conservative approach is to pretend that no media is
present.
A similar problem exists in a usb_stor_dbg() call in
alauda_get_media_status(). In this case, when an error occurs the
call is redundant, because usb_stor_ctrl_transfer() already will print
a debugging message.
Finally, unrelated to the uninitialized memory access, is the fact
that alauda_check_media() performs DMA to a buffer on the stack.
Fortunately usb-storage provides a general purpose DMA-able buffer for
uses like this. We'll use it instead. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ext4: fix deadlock due to mbcache entry corruption
When manipulating xattr blocks, we can deadlock infinitely looping
inside ext4_xattr_block_set() where we constantly keep finding xattr
block for reuse in mbcache but we are unable to reuse it because its
reference count is too big. This happens because cache entry for the
xattr block is marked as reusable (e_reusable set) although its
reference count is too big. When this inconsistency happens, this
inconsistent state is kept indefinitely and so ext4_xattr_block_set()
keeps retrying indefinitely.
The inconsistent state is caused by non-atomic update of e_reusable bit.
e_reusable is part of a bitfield and e_reusable update can race with
update of e_referenced bit in the same bitfield resulting in loss of one
of the updates. Fix the problem by using atomic bitops instead.
This bug has been around for many years, but it became *much* easier
to hit after commit 65f8b80053a1 ("ext4: fix race when reusing xattr
blocks"). |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
md/raid5-cache: fix a deadlock in r5l_exit_log()
Commit b13015af94cf ("md/raid5-cache: Clear conf->log after finishing
work") introduce a new problem:
// caller hold reconfig_mutex
r5l_exit_log
flush_work(&log->disable_writeback_work)
r5c_disable_writeback_async
wait_event
/*
* conf->log is not NULL, and mddev_trylock()
* will fail, wait_event() can never pass.
*/
conf->log = NULL
Fix this problem by setting 'config->log' to NULL before wake_up() as it
used to be, so that wait_event() from r5c_disable_writeback_async() can
exist. In the meantime, move forward md_unregister_thread() so that
null-ptr-deref this commit fixed can still be fixed. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
RDMA/rxe: Fix "kernel NULL pointer dereference" error
When rxe_queue_init in the function rxe_qp_init_req fails,
both qp->req.task.func and qp->req.task.arg are not initialized.
Because of creation of qp fails, the function rxe_create_qp will
call rxe_qp_do_cleanup to handle allocated resource.
Before calling __rxe_do_task, both qp->req.task.func and
qp->req.task.arg should be checked. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ubi: Fix UAF wear-leveling entry in eraseblk_count_seq_show()
Wear-leveling entry could be freed in error path, which may be accessed
again in eraseblk_count_seq_show(), for example:
__erase_worker eraseblk_count_seq_show
wl = ubi->lookuptbl[*block_number]
if (wl)
wl_entry_destroy
ubi->lookuptbl[e->pnum] = NULL
kmem_cache_free(ubi_wl_entry_slab, e)
erase_count = wl->ec // UAF!
Wear-leveling entry updating/accessing in ubi->lookuptbl should be
protected by ubi->wl_lock, fix it by adding ubi->wl_lock to serialize
wl entry accessing between wl_entry_destroy() and
eraseblk_count_seq_show().
Fetch a reproducer in [Link]. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
mmc: omap_hsmmc: fix return value check of mmc_add_host()
mmc_add_host() may return error, if we ignore its return value,
it will lead two issues:
1. The memory that allocated in mmc_alloc_host() is leaked.
2. In the remove() path, mmc_remove_host() will be called to
delete device, but it's not added yet, it will lead a kernel
crash because of null-ptr-deref in device_del().
Fix this by checking the return value and goto error path wihch
will call mmc_free_host(). |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
drm/msm: fix NULL-deref on snapshot tear down
In case of early initialisation errors and on platforms that do not use
the DPU controller, the deinitilisation code can be called with the kms
pointer set to NULL.
Patchwork: https://patchwork.freedesktop.org/patch/525099/ |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
dm: don't attempt to queue IO under RCU protection
dm looks up the table for IO based on the request type, with an
assumption that if the request is marked REQ_NOWAIT, it's fine to
attempt to submit that IO while under RCU read lock protection. This
is not OK, as REQ_NOWAIT just means that we should not be sleeping
waiting on other IO, it does not mean that we can't potentially
schedule.
A simple test case demonstrates this quite nicely:
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct iovec iov;
int fd;
fd = open("/dev/dm-0", O_RDONLY | O_DIRECT);
posix_memalign(&iov.iov_base, 4096, 4096);
iov.iov_len = 4096;
preadv2(fd, &iov, 1, 0, RWF_NOWAIT);
return 0;
}
which will instantly spew:
BUG: sleeping function called from invalid context at include/linux/sched/mm.h:306
in_atomic(): 0, irqs_disabled(): 0, non_block: 0, pid: 5580, name: dm-nowait
preempt_count: 0, expected: 0
RCU nest depth: 1, expected: 0
INFO: lockdep is turned off.
CPU: 7 PID: 5580 Comm: dm-nowait Not tainted 6.6.0-rc1-g39956d2dcd81 #132
Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.16.2-debian-1.16.2-1 04/01/2014
Call Trace:
<TASK>
dump_stack_lvl+0x11d/0x1b0
__might_resched+0x3c3/0x5e0
? preempt_count_sub+0x150/0x150
mempool_alloc+0x1e2/0x390
? mempool_resize+0x7d0/0x7d0
? lock_sync+0x190/0x190
? lock_release+0x4b7/0x670
? internal_get_user_pages_fast+0x868/0x2d40
bio_alloc_bioset+0x417/0x8c0
? bvec_alloc+0x200/0x200
? internal_get_user_pages_fast+0xb8c/0x2d40
bio_alloc_clone+0x53/0x100
dm_submit_bio+0x27f/0x1a20
? lock_release+0x4b7/0x670
? blk_try_enter_queue+0x1a0/0x4d0
? dm_dax_direct_access+0x260/0x260
? rcu_is_watching+0x12/0xb0
? blk_try_enter_queue+0x1cc/0x4d0
__submit_bio+0x239/0x310
? __bio_queue_enter+0x700/0x700
? kvm_clock_get_cycles+0x40/0x60
? ktime_get+0x285/0x470
submit_bio_noacct_nocheck+0x4d9/0xb80
? should_fail_request+0x80/0x80
? preempt_count_sub+0x150/0x150
? lock_release+0x4b7/0x670
? __bio_add_page+0x143/0x2d0
? iov_iter_revert+0x27/0x360
submit_bio_noacct+0x53e/0x1b30
submit_bio_wait+0x10a/0x230
? submit_bio_wait_endio+0x40/0x40
__blkdev_direct_IO_simple+0x4f8/0x780
? blkdev_bio_end_io+0x4c0/0x4c0
? stack_trace_save+0x90/0xc0
? __bio_clone+0x3c0/0x3c0
? lock_release+0x4b7/0x670
? lock_sync+0x190/0x190
? atime_needs_update+0x3bf/0x7e0
? timestamp_truncate+0x21b/0x2d0
? inode_owner_or_capable+0x240/0x240
blkdev_direct_IO.part.0+0x84a/0x1810
? rcu_is_watching+0x12/0xb0
? lock_release+0x4b7/0x670
? blkdev_read_iter+0x40d/0x530
? reacquire_held_locks+0x4e0/0x4e0
? __blkdev_direct_IO_simple+0x780/0x780
? rcu_is_watching+0x12/0xb0
? __mark_inode_dirty+0x297/0xd50
? preempt_count_add+0x72/0x140
blkdev_read_iter+0x2a4/0x530
do_iter_readv_writev+0x2f2/0x3c0
? generic_copy_file_range+0x1d0/0x1d0
? fsnotify_perm.part.0+0x25d/0x630
? security_file_permission+0xd8/0x100
do_iter_read+0x31b/0x880
? import_iovec+0x10b/0x140
vfs_readv+0x12d/0x1a0
? vfs_iter_read+0xb0/0xb0
? rcu_is_watching+0x12/0xb0
? rcu_is_watching+0x12/0xb0
? lock_release+0x4b7/0x670
do_preadv+0x1b3/0x260
? do_readv+0x370/0x370
__x64_sys_preadv2+0xef/0x150
do_syscall_64+0x39/0xb0
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd
RIP: 0033:0x7f5af41ad806
Code: 41 54 41 89 fc 55 44 89 c5 53 48 89 cb 48 83 ec 18 80 3d e4 dd 0d 00 00 74 7a 45 89 c1 49 89 ca 45 31 c0 b8 47 01 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 0f 87 be 00 00 00 48 85 c0 79 4a 48 8b 0d da 55
RSP: 002b:00007ffd3145c7f0 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000147
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 00007f5af41ad806
RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: 00007ffd3145c850 RDI: 0000000000000003
RBP: 0000000000000008 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000008
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000003
R13: 00007ffd3145c850 R14: 000055f5f0431dd8 R15: 0000000000000001
</TASK>
where in fact it is
---truncated--- |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
misc: ocxl: fix possible name leak in ocxl_file_register_afu()
If device_register() returns error in ocxl_file_register_afu(),
the name allocated by dev_set_name() need be freed. As comment
of device_register() says, it should use put_device() to give
up the reference in the error path. So fix this by calling
put_device(), then the name can be freed in kobject_cleanup(),
and info is freed in info_release(). |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
of: overlay: Call of_changeset_init() early
When of_overlay_fdt_apply() fails, the changeset may be partially
applied, and the caller is still expected to call of_overlay_remove() to
clean up this partial state.
However, of_overlay_apply() calls of_resolve_phandles() before
init_overlay_changeset(). Hence if the overlay fails to apply due to an
unresolved symbol, the overlay_changeset.cset.entries list is still
uninitialized, and cleanup will crash with a NULL-pointer dereference in
overlay_removal_is_ok().
Fix this by moving the call to of_changeset_init() from
init_overlay_changeset() to of_overlay_fdt_apply(), where all other
early initialization is done. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: dsa: ocelot: call dsa_tag_8021q_unregister() under rtnl_lock() on driver remove
When the tagging protocol in current use is "ocelot-8021q" and we unbind
the driver, we see this splat:
$ echo '0000:00:00.2' > /sys/bus/pci/drivers/fsl_enetc/unbind
mscc_felix 0000:00:00.5 swp0: left promiscuous mode
sja1105 spi2.0: Link is Down
DSA: tree 1 torn down
mscc_felix 0000:00:00.5 swp2: left promiscuous mode
sja1105 spi2.2: Link is Down
DSA: tree 3 torn down
fsl_enetc 0000:00:00.2 eno2: left promiscuous mode
mscc_felix 0000:00:00.5: Link is Down
------------[ cut here ]------------
RTNL: assertion failed at net/dsa/tag_8021q.c (409)
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 329 at net/dsa/tag_8021q.c:409 dsa_tag_8021q_unregister+0x12c/0x1a0
Modules linked in:
CPU: 1 PID: 329 Comm: bash Not tainted 6.5.0-rc3+ #771
pc : dsa_tag_8021q_unregister+0x12c/0x1a0
lr : dsa_tag_8021q_unregister+0x12c/0x1a0
Call trace:
dsa_tag_8021q_unregister+0x12c/0x1a0
felix_tag_8021q_teardown+0x130/0x150
felix_teardown+0x3c/0xd8
dsa_tree_teardown_switches+0xbc/0xe0
dsa_unregister_switch+0x168/0x260
felix_pci_remove+0x30/0x60
pci_device_remove+0x4c/0x100
device_release_driver_internal+0x188/0x288
device_links_unbind_consumers+0xfc/0x138
device_release_driver_internal+0xe0/0x288
device_driver_detach+0x24/0x38
unbind_store+0xd8/0x108
drv_attr_store+0x30/0x50
---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
------------[ cut here ]------------
RTNL: assertion failed at net/8021q/vlan_core.c (376)
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 329 at net/8021q/vlan_core.c:376 vlan_vid_del+0x1b8/0x1f0
CPU: 1 PID: 329 Comm: bash Tainted: G W 6.5.0-rc3+ #771
pc : vlan_vid_del+0x1b8/0x1f0
lr : vlan_vid_del+0x1b8/0x1f0
dsa_tag_8021q_unregister+0x8c/0x1a0
felix_tag_8021q_teardown+0x130/0x150
felix_teardown+0x3c/0xd8
dsa_tree_teardown_switches+0xbc/0xe0
dsa_unregister_switch+0x168/0x260
felix_pci_remove+0x30/0x60
pci_device_remove+0x4c/0x100
device_release_driver_internal+0x188/0x288
device_links_unbind_consumers+0xfc/0x138
device_release_driver_internal+0xe0/0x288
device_driver_detach+0x24/0x38
unbind_store+0xd8/0x108
drv_attr_store+0x30/0x50
DSA: tree 0 torn down
This was somewhat not so easy to spot, because "ocelot-8021q" is not the
default tagging protocol, and thus, not everyone who tests the unbinding
path may have switched to it beforehand. The default
felix_tag_npi_teardown() does not require rtnl_lock() to be held. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
netlink: annotate accesses to nlk->cb_running
Both netlink_recvmsg() and netlink_native_seq_show() read
nlk->cb_running locklessly. Use READ_ONCE() there.
Add corresponding WRITE_ONCE() to netlink_dump() and
__netlink_dump_start()
syzbot reported:
BUG: KCSAN: data-race in __netlink_dump_start / netlink_recvmsg
write to 0xffff88813ea4db59 of 1 bytes by task 28219 on cpu 0:
__netlink_dump_start+0x3af/0x4d0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2399
netlink_dump_start include/linux/netlink.h:308 [inline]
rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x70f/0x8c0 net/core/rtnetlink.c:6130
netlink_rcv_skb+0x126/0x220 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2577
rtnetlink_rcv+0x1c/0x20 net/core/rtnetlink.c:6192
netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1339 [inline]
netlink_unicast+0x56f/0x640 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1365
netlink_sendmsg+0x665/0x770 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1942
sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:724 [inline]
sock_sendmsg net/socket.c:747 [inline]
sock_write_iter+0x1aa/0x230 net/socket.c:1138
call_write_iter include/linux/fs.h:1851 [inline]
new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:491 [inline]
vfs_write+0x463/0x760 fs/read_write.c:584
ksys_write+0xeb/0x1a0 fs/read_write.c:637
__do_sys_write fs/read_write.c:649 [inline]
__se_sys_write fs/read_write.c:646 [inline]
__x64_sys_write+0x42/0x50 fs/read_write.c:646
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0x41/0xc0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd
read to 0xffff88813ea4db59 of 1 bytes by task 28222 on cpu 1:
netlink_recvmsg+0x3b4/0x730 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2022
sock_recvmsg_nosec+0x4c/0x80 net/socket.c:1017
____sys_recvmsg+0x2db/0x310 net/socket.c:2718
___sys_recvmsg net/socket.c:2762 [inline]
do_recvmmsg+0x2e5/0x710 net/socket.c:2856
__sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:2935 [inline]
__do_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:2958 [inline]
__se_sys_recvmmsg net/socket.c:2951 [inline]
__x64_sys_recvmmsg+0xe2/0x160 net/socket.c:2951
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0x41/0xc0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd
value changed: 0x00 -> 0x01 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
nvme-core: fix memory leak in dhchap_secret_store
Free dhchap_secret in nvme_ctrl_dhchap_secret_store() before we return
fix following kmemleack:-
unreferenced object 0xffff8886376ea800 (size 64):
comm "check", pid 22048, jiffies 4344316705 (age 92.199s)
hex dump (first 32 bytes):
44 48 48 43 2d 31 3a 30 30 3a 6e 78 72 35 4b 67 DHHC-1:00:nxr5Kg
75 58 34 75 6f 41 78 73 4a 61 34 63 2f 68 75 4c uX4uoAxsJa4c/huL
backtrace:
[<0000000030ce5d4b>] __kmalloc+0x4b/0x130
[<000000009be1cdc1>] nvme_ctrl_dhchap_secret_store+0x8f/0x160 [nvme_core]
[<00000000ac06c96a>] kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12b/0x1c0
[<00000000437e7ced>] vfs_write+0x2ba/0x3c0
[<00000000f9491baf>] ksys_write+0x5f/0xe0
[<000000001c46513d>] do_syscall_64+0x3b/0x90
[<00000000ecf348fe>] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc
unreferenced object 0xffff8886376eaf00 (size 64):
comm "check", pid 22048, jiffies 4344316736 (age 92.168s)
hex dump (first 32 bytes):
44 48 48 43 2d 31 3a 30 30 3a 6e 78 72 35 4b 67 DHHC-1:00:nxr5Kg
75 58 34 75 6f 41 78 73 4a 61 34 63 2f 68 75 4c uX4uoAxsJa4c/huL
backtrace:
[<0000000030ce5d4b>] __kmalloc+0x4b/0x130
[<000000009be1cdc1>] nvme_ctrl_dhchap_secret_store+0x8f/0x160 [nvme_core]
[<00000000ac06c96a>] kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12b/0x1c0
[<00000000437e7ced>] vfs_write+0x2ba/0x3c0
[<00000000f9491baf>] ksys_write+0x5f/0xe0
[<000000001c46513d>] do_syscall_64+0x3b/0x90
[<00000000ecf348fe>] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
cpufreq: qcom: fix memory leak in error path
If for some reason the speedbin length is incorrect, then there is a
memory leak in the error path because we never free the speedbin buffer.
This commit fixes the error path to always free the speedbin buffer. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
tty: serial: samsung_tty: Fix a memory leak in s3c24xx_serial_getclk() in case of error
If clk_get_rate() fails, the clk that has just been allocated needs to be
freed. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
drm/mxsfb: Disable overlay plane in mxsfb_plane_overlay_atomic_disable()
When disabling overlay plane in mxsfb_plane_overlay_atomic_update(),
overlay plane's framebuffer pointer is NULL. So, dereferencing it would
cause a kernel Oops(NULL pointer dereferencing). Fix the issue by
disabling overlay plane in mxsfb_plane_overlay_atomic_disable() instead. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
drm/ttm: Don't leak a resource on swapout move error
If moving the bo to system for swapout failed, we were leaking
a resource. Fix. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
f2fs: synchronize atomic write aborts
To fix a race condition between atomic write aborts, I use the inode
lock and make COW inode to be re-usable thoroughout the whole
atomic file inode lifetime. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
md/raid10: fix null-ptr-deref in raid10_sync_request
init_resync() inits mempool and sets conf->have_replacemnt at the beginning
of sync, close_sync() frees the mempool when sync is completed.
After [1] recovery might be skipped and init_resync() is called but
close_sync() is not. null-ptr-deref occurs with r10bio->dev[i].repl_bio.
The following is one way to reproduce the issue.
1) create a array, wait for resync to complete, mddev->recovery_cp is set
to MaxSector.
2) recovery is woken and it is skipped. conf->have_replacement is set to
0 in init_resync(). close_sync() not called.
3) some io errors and rdev A is set to WantReplacement.
4) a new device is added and set to A's replacement.
5) recovery is woken, A have replacement, but conf->have_replacemnt is
0. r10bio->dev[i].repl_bio will not be alloced and null-ptr-deref
occurs.
Fix it by not calling init_resync() if recovery skipped.
[1] commit 7e83ccbecd60 ("md/raid10: Allow skipping recovery when clean arrays are assembled") |
